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Summary

In underground construction including sprayed concrete linings (SCL), typical requirements for rapid setting and early-age strength development lead to CEMI rich concretes with cement contents in excess of 400kg/m3 which, compounded by greater admixture usage, lead to a high carbon footprint compared with typical cast-in-situ concretes.

Research work, supported in part by innovation funding associated with the UK’s ongoing National High Speed (HS2) Rail Project with the aim of reducing this carbon footprint, will be presented.